Final Project DSA 301: Buffalo Crime Incidents
Abstract
The crime situation, the safety of the area and the living environment are important issues. Through analyzing and visualizing Buffalo's crime data, the project provides a better view and insight into the current social situation in the area such as common crime types or dates and time frames, or the neigborhood often occurs criminal activities. Not only providing knowledge, this project also helps viewers to wake up and raise their vigilance.
Questions¶
- Which types of crime are mostly happend?
- What days crime mostly happened?
- What time of day crime mostly happened?
- Does crime occur more at weekend/night? What types of crime are happened more at weekend/night?
- What area/neighborhoods are high/low rate of crime?
- Are there any addresses that have more than 2 crimes occured?
By working with spatial attributions, this project focus on building customized analytical modules for processing and analysis of geospatial data. The goals of this project is to provide information about crime's locations in Buffalo by geospatial mapping such as 2D map, interactive point frequency maps, and interactive point distribution maps.
- Mapping crime locations by different conditions such as Crime Types, Neighborhoods.
- How are locations and frequencies of theft cases different to location and frequencies of homicide crime cases in Buffalo?
- Mapping that showing the number of confirmed crime cases by Buffalo Council Districts? Which Council Districts is most dangeous?
About the Dataset¶
Source: Buffalo Open Data - Crime Incidents
This dataset is information about crime incidents of Buffalo.
The dataset was created in September 6, 2017 and was updated in February 16, 2022.
There are total 279330 records and 29 attribute fields.
I. Exploratory Data Analysis¶
!pip install chart_studio
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from chart_studio import plotly
from chart_studio.plotly import plot, iplot
import plotly.graph_objs as go
import math
As mentioned, there are 29 columns. I just choose to read specific 12 columns that are needed for this project.
# Read the dataset from url, add ?$limit=300000 to read all records
crime_url = 'https://data.buffalony.gov/resource/d6g9-xbgu.csv?$limit=300000'
crime = pd.read_csv(crime_url, usecols=['case_number','incident_datetime','parent_incident_type',
'hour_of_day','day_of_week','address_1','city','state','location',
'latitude','longitude','neighborhood_1'])
crime.head()
crime.shape
- The data which use for this project contain 279330 records and 12 attributions.
crime.dtypes
Limitation of the dataset: Lacking numerical data.
The only numerical data which are useful and can combine with other data is Hour of Day.
Idealy crime data: contain information about number of injured people, dead people, etc.
Check missing values¶
# number of missing values in each columns
crime.isnull().sum()
In total 279,677 cases:
There are 5 cases that are missed information about Incident Datetime.
39 cases are missed address information.
874 cases are misses neighborhood information.
# Cases that do not have DateTime information
crime[crime['incident_datetime'].isnull()]
crime['parent_incident_type'].value_counts()
crime['day_of_week'].value_counts()
crime['day_of_week'].unique()
- There is namning error in column Day of Week. Names of day are duplicated by lower and upper cases.
# Note: UNKNOWN 2877
crime['neighborhood_1'].value_counts()
crime['hour_of_day'].describe()
crime['hour_of_day'].unique()
- The exact time in Incident Datetime column are converted into only 24 hour in Hour of Day column
Group crime types by neighborhood¶
pd.set_option('display.max_rows',500)
crime.groupby(['neighborhood_1','parent_incident_type']).size()
II. Data Cleaning¶
Drop missing values¶
crime.dropna(how='any',inplace=True)
crime.shape
Fix naming error of column Day of Week¶
crime['day_of_week']=crime['day_of_week'].str.upper()
crime['day_of_week'].value_counts()
III. Visualization¶
Type of crime incidents¶
len(crime['parent_incident_type'])
plt.figure(figsize=(12,5))
chart = sns.countplot(y='parent_incident_type', data=crime,palette='Spectral')
# set name for the plot
chart.set_title(f'{chart.get_ylabel().capitalize()}',fontweight='bold')
# add percentages for each bar
for p in chart.patches:
chart.text(p.get_width(),p.get_y()+0.5,'{:1.2f}%'.format(p.get_width()*100/ float(len(crime['parent_incident_type']))),ha='left')
plt.show()
43.56% - Almost haft of recorded crime incidents cases that happened in Buffalo are theft cases.
Top crime incidents are theft, assault, and breaking and entering.
Day of Week and Hour of Day¶
# create function to draw multiple countplots
def plot_multiple_countplots(crime, cols,num_cols,num_rows, hue=None):
fig, axs = plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols,figsize=(20, 10))
for index, col in enumerate(cols):
i = math.floor(index/num_cols)
j = index - i*num_cols
if num_rows == 1:
if num_cols == 1:
chart = sns.countplot(x=crime[col], ax=axs, hue = hue, palette='Spectral')
else:
chart = sns.countplot(x=crime[col], ax=axs[j],hue = hue, palette='Spectral')
else:
chart = sns.countplot(x=crime[col], ax=axs[i, j],hue = hue, palette='Spectral')
# rotate axis labels
chart.set_xticklabels(chart.get_xticklabels(), rotation=15, ha ='center')
# set names each countplot
chart.set_title(f'{chart.get_xlabel().capitalize()}',fontweight='bold')
# add percentages on top of each bar
for p in chart.patches:
chart.text(p.get_x(),p.get_height()+1,'{:1.2f}%'.format(p.get_height()*100/ float(len(crime[col]))),ha='left')
plot_multiple_countplots(crime, ['day_of_week','hour_of_day'],2,1)
1. Day of week:
- Friday, Saturday and Sunday are a little more dangerous than other days.
2. Hour of Day:
- 12am is the time that most likely for crime incidents.
plt.figure(figsize=(17,10))
chart = sns.boxplot(x='parent_incident_type', y='hour_of_day',data=crime, hue ='day_of_week' , palette='Spectral')
chart.set_title(f'Timeline of Incident Types',fontweight='bold')
plt.show()
Most crime cases about proverty such as Theft, Theft of Vehicle, Breaking & Entering happpen around 8 a.m and 4 p.m - the time frame of working hours.
Cases about interaction conflict such as Assault, Robbery, Sexual Assault and Homicide have a fluctuated time frame.
Does most crime happen at weekend?¶
crime['Weekend'] = crime['day_of_week'].isin(['SATURDAY', 'SUNDAY'])
ax=sns.catplot(x='parent_incident_type', y='hour_of_day', hue='Weekend', kind='box', dodge=False, data=crime)
ax.fig.suptitle(f'Crime on Weekend',fontweight='bold')
ax.fig.set_size_inches(17,5)
- The answer is YES. Most crimes occur more frequently at weekend.
Does most crime happen at night time?¶
x = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,20,21,22,23]
crime['Night Time'] = crime['hour_of_day'].isin(x)
plt.figure(figsize=(12,7))
chart = sns.countplot(y='parent_incident_type', data=crime,hue='Night Time')
# set name for the plot
chart.set_title(f'Crime at Night',fontweight='bold')
# add percentages for each bar
for p in chart.patches:
chart.text(p.get_width(),p.get_y()+0.25,'{:1.2f}%'.format(p.get_width()*100/ float(len(crime['parent_incident_type']))),ha='left')
plt.show()
Night time in this project is from 8 p.m to 6 a.m.
Only Theft , Breaking & Entering, and Sexual Offense occur more at day time. Because day time, especically from 8 a.m to 4 p.m is the time frame of office working hours. People leaving for work, stay in the office are good condition for thief and intruder.
All other types of crime incident occur more at night time.
Neighborhood and Location¶
plt.figure(figsize=(17,10))
chart = sns.countplot(y='neighborhood_1', data=crime,palette='Spectral')
# set name for the plot
chart.set_title(f'Neighborhood and Crime Cases',fontweight='bold')
for p in chart.patches:
chart.text(p.get_width(),p.get_y()+0.5,'{:1.2f}%'.format(p.get_width()*100/ float(len(crime['neighborhood_1']))),ha='left')
plt.show()
High frequency of crime - Dangerous Neighborhoods :
Broadway Fillmore
Central
Kensington-Bailey
Noth Park
Genesee-Moselle
Low frequency of crime - Safe Neighborhoods:
First Ward
Seneca Babcock
Central Park
Kaisertown
Ellicott
plt.figure(figsize=(17,10))
chart = sns.countplot(y='neighborhood_1', data=crime, hue= 'parent_incident_type',palette='Spectral')
# set name for the plot
chart.set_title(f'Neighborhood with Incident Type',fontweight='bold')
plt.show()
North Park is the neighborhood where incident happened in highest frequency and most cases are theft.
Neighborhoods that suffered from Theft: Noth Park, Broadway Fillmore, Central, Kensington-Bailey, Elmwood Bidwell and Elmwood Bryant.
WHAT-IF No-Theft?¶
Because 43.55% recorded cases are theft cases, so to have a closer look in other incident types that happened in different neighborhoods, this step remove all the theft cases.
# Remove all Theft cases
crime2 = crime
crime2 = crime2[crime2['parent_incident_type'].str.contains('Theft')==False]
# Draw chart
plt.figure(figsize=(17,10))
chart = sns.countplot(y='neighborhood_1', data=crime2, hue= 'parent_incident_type',palette='tab10')
# set name for the plot
chart.set_title(f'Neighborhood with Non-Theft Incident Type',fontweight='bold')
plt.show()
Without theft cases involved, neighborhoods are suffered from assault, breaking and entering.
High frequency of Assault: Broadway Fillmore, Genersee-Moselle, Schiller Park, Central, Kenfield and Delavan Crider.
High frequency of Breaking & Entering: Broadway Fillmore, Genersee-Moselle, Schiller Park, Kensington-Bailey, University Heights.
High frequency of Robbery: Broadway Fillmore, Genersee-Moselle, and University Heights.
Without theft cases involved, North Park is now no longer the most dangerous neighborhood.
plt.figure(figsize=(17,10))
chart = sns.countplot(y='neighborhood_1', hue = 'day_of_week',data=crime,palette='Spectral')
# set name for the plot
chart.set_title(f'Day of Crime in Neighborhood',fontweight='bold')
plt.show()
Central neigborhood is more dangrous at weekend.
All days of week arlarm: Broadway Fillmore, North Park, Kensington-Bailey, Schiller Park, Genersee-Moselle and Emlwood Bidwell.
Check duplicated addresses¶
crime.duplicated(subset=['address_1'],keep='first').sum()
- It is interesting that total records number is 279330 and duplicated address number is 257356.
=> More than 92% addresses had more than 2 crime cases in records.
crime.loc[crime.duplicated(subset=['address_1'], keep='first'),:]
IV. Spatial Data¶
%%time
!apt install gdal-bin python-gdal python3-gdal
# Install rtree - Geopandas requirment
!apt install python3-rtree
# Install Geopandas
!pip install git+git://github.com/geopandas/geopandas.git
# Install descartes - Geopandas requirment
!pip install descartes
!pip install geopandas
import geopandas as gpd
pd.set_option('display.max_columns',None)
# Add $limit=300000 to read in all records, defalt is 1000 records.
crime_url = "https://data.buffalony.gov/resource/d6g9-xbgu.geojson?$limit=300000"
crime_gdf = gpd.read_file(crime_url)
#crime_gdf = gpd.read_file(crime_url, ignore_fields=["iso_a3", "gdp_md_est"])
crime_gdf.tail()
!pip install contextily
import contextily as ctx
%matplotlib inline
crime_gdf.drop(['incident_id','updated_at'], axis=1,inplace=True)
crime_gdf.head()
Check the Coordinate Reference System(CRS)¶
Check the Coordinate Reference System(CRS) and change it to epsg:3857 to be able to draw plot.
# Check crs
crime_gdf.crs
# Change crs
crime_gdf.to_crs('epsg:3857',inplace=True)
Check and drop missing geometry rows¶
crime_gdf.shape
orig_rows = crime_gdf.shape[0]
crime_gdf = crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.geometry.notnull()]
print(f'Records with missing location information = {orig_rows-crime_gdf.shape[0]}')
#crime_gdf.geometry=crime_gdf.geometry.astype(float)
crime_gdf.dropna(subset =['geometry'], how='any',inplace=True)
#crime_gdf.dropna( how='any',inplace=True)
crime_gdf.shape
Mapping crimes by neighborhoods¶
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(15,15), subplot_kw=dict(aspect='equal'))
crime_gdf.plot(column=crime_gdf['neighborhood_1'], ax=ax);
ax.set_title('Crime Incident Locations of Buffalo by Neighborhood',fontdict={'fontsize': '25', 'fontweight' : '3'})
ax.set_axis_off()
ctx.add_basemap(ax)
There are some bad geometry data that the locations are not in NY state.
So the map is so big, it is not only Buffalo area.
To solve this problem, fixing it by removing the UNKNOWN council_district.
#crime_gdf = crime_gdf.GeoDataFrame.drop(columns=['incident_id'], axis=1, inplace=True)
crime_gdf.council_district.unique()
# set council_district as index of the dataframe
crime_gdf.set_index('council_district',inplace=True)
crime_gdf.head()
crime_gdf.drop(['UNKNOWN'] , axis=0,inplace=True)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(15,15), subplot_kw=dict(aspect='equal'))
crime_gdf.plot(column=crime_gdf['neighborhood_1'], ax=ax);
ax.set_title('Crime Incident Locations of Buffalo by Neighborhood',fontdict={'fontsize': '25', 'fontweight' : '3'})
ax.set_axis_off()
ctx.add_basemap(ax)
Mapping by crime types¶
crime_gdf.parent_incident_type.unique()
crime_gdf.reset_index(inplace=True)
crime_gdf['conrank'] = 'lightgray'
#crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Theft','conrank']='red'
crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Assault','conrank']='blue'
#crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Robbery','conrank']='purple'
#crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Theft of Vehicle','conrank']='organce'
#crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Breaking & Entering','conrank']='yellow'
#crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Sexual Offense','conrank']='violet'
#crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Other Sexual Offense','conrank']='brown'
#crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Sexual Assault','conrank']='lime'
crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.parent_incident_type == 'Homicide','conrank']='deepPink'
crime_gdf.loc[~crime_gdf.parent_incident_type.isin(['Homicide','Assault']),'conrank']=='gray'
import matplotlib.lines as mlines
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,12), subplot_kw=dict(aspect='equal'))
deepPink_marker = mlines.Line2D([], [], color='deepPink', marker='.', linestyle='None',
markersize=10,label='Homicide')
blue_marker = mlines.Line2D([], [], color='blue', marker='.', linestyle='None',
markersize=10,label='Assault')
gray_marker=mlines.Line2D([], [], color='gray', marker='.', linestyle='None',
markersize=10, label='Other types')
ax.legend(handles=[deepPink_marker,blue_marker,gray_marker])
crime_gdf.plot(color=crime_gdf['conrank'], ax=ax)
ax.set_title('Buffalo Assault and Homicide Crime Cases',fontdict={'fontsize': '25', 'fontweight' : '3'})
ax.set_axis_off()
ctx.add_basemap(ax)
Mapping Duplicated locations¶
# Total duplcatated address here is smaller than above because I did remove some rows that missing geometry
crime_gdf.duplicated(subset=['address_1'],keep='first').sum()
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(15,15), subplot_kw=dict(aspect='equal'))
crime_gdf.plot(column=crime_gdf.duplicated(subset=['address_1'],keep='first'), ax=ax);
ax.set_title('>= 2 Crime Incidents Cases Locations of Buffalo',fontdict={'fontsize': '25', 'fontweight' : '3'})
ax.set_axis_off()
ctx.add_basemap(ax)
Point Frequency Maps¶
Bokeh¶
from bokeh.tile_providers import CARTODBPOSITRON, get_provider
tileProvider = get_provider('CARTODBPOSITRON_RETINA')
from bokeh.io import output_notebook, show, output_file, save
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.models import HoverTool, GeoJSONDataSource
from bokeh.layouts import row,column
from bokeh.models.widgets import Div
output_notebook()
TOOLS = "pan,wheel_zoom,box_zoom,reset,save"
kwargs = {"plot_width":800,
"plot_height":700,
"sizing_mode":'scale_both',
"outline_line_color":'#046626',
"outline_line_width":3,
"outline_line_alpha":.3,
'toolbar_location':'above',
'border_fill_color':'#4287f5',
'border_fill_alpha':.3,
'min_border_left': 20,
'min_border_right':20,
'min_border_top': 10,
'min_border_bottom':20}
# Check null geometry
orig_rows = crime_gdf.shape[0]
crime_gdf = crime_gdf.loc[crime_gdf.geometry.notnull()]
print(f'Records with missing location information = {orig_rows-crime_gdf.shape[0]:,.0f}\n\
Percent missing = {((orig_rows-crime_gdf.shape[0])/orig_rows)*100:,.0f}%')
Create a unique keys¶
This key is combine of Latitude and Longitude of locations that crimes happened more than 1 times
crime_gdf['newLoc'] = crime_gdf.geometry.x.astype(str)+ crime_gdf.geometry.y.astype(str)
numlocs = crime_gdf.newLoc.value_counts().rename_axis('uniquepts').to_frame('counts')
numlocs.head()
At some locations, crime incidents occurred in highly high rate.
crime_gdf.geometry.value_counts().sum()
# Remove duplicate
uHl = crime_gdf.drop_duplicates(subset='newLoc').reset_index()
uHl.tail()
uHl.parent_incident_type.unique()
allHl = pd.merge(uHl,numlocs,left_on='newLoc',right_on='uniquepts').drop(['newLoc'],axis=1)
print(f'Number of locations: {allHl.shape[0]}\n\
accounting for {allHl.counts.sum()} cases of crime incidents in Buffalo')
plt.hist(allHl.counts,bins=3)
Map¶
Wondering about locations of theft cases which is the most frequency crime type and homicide cases which is the most dangerous crime type.
# Theft cases
theftcases = allHl.loc[allHl.parent_incident_type =='Theft'].copy()
print(f'Number of Theft cases: {theftcases.shape[0]}\n\
Accounting for {allHl.counts.sum()} cases of crime incidents in Buffalo')
# Homicide cases
homicidecases = allHl.loc[allHl.parent_incident_type =='Homicide'].copy()
print(f'Number of Homicide cases: {homicidecases.shape[0]}\n\
Accounting for {allHl.counts.sum()} cases of crime incidents in Buffalo')
maxcir = 60
maxcnt = theftcases.counts.max()
theftcases['radius']=(theftcases.counts/maxcnt*maxcir)
theftcases['radius']=theftcases['radius'].astype(float).round().astype(int)
theftcases.head()
maxcir = 60
maxcnt = homicidecases.counts.max()
homicidecases['radius']=(homicidecases.counts/maxcnt*maxcir)
homicidecases['radius']=homicidecases['radius'].astype(float).round().astype(int)
homicidecases.head()
theftcases.to_crs('epsg:3857',inplace=True)
homicidecases.to_crs('epsg:3857',inplace=True)
output_file("/content/CrimePointFrequencyMaps.html",
title="Locations with Frequency Crime Incidents in Buffalo")
f1 = figure(title = "Location of Theft cases in Buffalo", tools=TOOLS, toolbar_sticky=False,**kwargs)
f2 = figure(title = "Location of Homicide cases in Buffalo", tools=TOOLS, toolbar_sticky=False,**kwargs,
x_range=f1.x_range,y_range=f1.y_range)
f1.add_tile(tileProvider)
f1.title.text_font_style = 'italic'
f1.title.text_font_size = '14pt'
f1.axis.visible=False
f2.add_tile(tileProvider)
f2.title.text_font_style = 'italic'
f2.title.text_font_size = '14pt'
f2.axis.visible=False
point_source_1 = GeoJSONDataSource(geojson=theftcases.to_json())
point_source_2 = GeoJSONDataSource(geojson=homicidecases.to_json())
Circle1=f1.circle('x','y',size='radius',fill_color='blue',line_color='blue',fill_alpha=0.5,source=point_source_1)
Circle2=f2.circle('x','y',size='radius',fill_color='red',line_color='red',fill_alpha=0.5,source=point_source_2)
c_hover= HoverTool(renderers=[Circle1])
c_hover.point_policy = "follow_mouse"
c_hover.tooltips=[("Address","@address_1," "@neighborhood_1"),
(" " , " "),
("Number of Cases","@counts")]
f1.add_tools(c_hover)
c2_hover= HoverTool(renderers=[Circle2])
c2_hover.point_policy = "follow_mouse"
c2_hover.tooltips=[("Address","@address_1," "@neighborhood_1"),
(" " , " "),
("Number of Cases","@counts")]
f2.add_tools(c2_hover)
heading = Div(text="""<h1>Point Frequency Maps</h1>\
<p> The two maps below show locations and frequencies of theft and homicide crime cases in Buffalo.\
On the left, proportional point symbols show locations of theft cases and on the right are locations of homicide.</p>\
<p> Use the tools to the right of each map to pan, zoom, etc... \
Hover over a property to see the address and number of cases.</p> \
<p><b><i>Data Source</i></b> =<a href = https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Housing-Development/Housing-Litigations/59kj-x8nc target='_blank'>NYC Open Data.</a></p>.\
<p style="font-size:9px;">Maps created 4/10/2022 by Nguyet Que T. Tran.</p>""", sizing_mode="stretch_both")
layout = column(heading, row(f1,f2),sizing_mode='stretch_both',margin=(5,5,5,5))
show(layout)
Point locations represent where the actual event occurred. This approach is only viable if there are point locations with multiple occurrences of the geographic event under consideration.
The map showing the location of crime incidents that were occured. Each point is geocoded to the actual location of an address/house/store.
The size of the symbol at each point location represents the number of crime that were happened at the location. The higher cases, the larger cicle size.
Point Distribution Map¶
# Buffalo Council Districts dataset
api_url="https://data.buffalony.gov/resource/u5mx-ugvy.geojson"
cd_gdf=gpd.read_file(api_url)
cd_gdf.tail()
crime_gdf = crime_gdf.to_crs('epsg:3857')
cd_gdf = cd_gdf.to_crs('epsg:3857')
joindf = gpd.sjoin(crime_gdf,cd_gdf,how='inner',op='intersects')
joindf.tail()
joindf['council_district']=joindf.council_district.astype(str)
ct = joindf.copy()
ct = ct.council_district.groupby(joindf['council_district']).count().sort_values(ascending=False)
ctdf=ct.to_frame(name='counts').reset_index()
ctdf.tail()
nCases = pd.merge(cd_gdf,ctdf,left_on="dist_name",right_on="council_district")
nCases['centroids'] =nCases['geometry'].centroid
nCases = nCases.set_geometry('centroids')
maxcir = 60
maxcnt = nCases.counts.max()
nCases['radius']=(nCases.counts/maxcnt*maxcir)
nCases['radius']=nCases['radius'].astype(float).round().astype(int)
nCases.head()
Map¶
output_file("/content/CrimeDistributionMaps.html",
title="Crime Incidents bu Council Districts in Buffalo")
f1 = figure(title = "Crime incident cases in Buffalo", tools=TOOLS, toolbar_sticky=False,**kwargs)
f1.add_tile(tileProvider)
f1.title.text_font_style = 'italic'
f1.title.text_font_size = '14pt'
f1.axis.visible=False
TA20 = nCases.drop('geometry',axis=1).copy()
point_source_1 = GeoJSONDataSource(geojson=TA20.to_json())
poly_source = GeoJSONDataSource(geojson=cd_gdf.to_json())
Circle1=f1.circle('x','y',size='radius',fill_color='blue',line_color='blue',fill_alpha=0.5,source=point_source_1)
areas = f1.patches('xs','ys',source=poly_source,name="Council Districts",fill_color=None,fill_alpha=0.6,line_color="black",line_width=0.5)
c_hover= HoverTool(renderers=[Circle1])
c_hover.point_policy = "follow_mouse"
c_hover.tooltips=[
("Council Districts","@dist_name"),
("Number of Cases","@counts")]
f1.add_tools(c_hover)
heading = Div(text="""<h1>Point Distribution Maps</h1>\
<p> The two maps below show locations and distribution of crime incident cases in Buffalo.\
<p> Use the tools to the right of each map to pan, zoom, etc... \
Hover over a property to see the address and number of cases.</p> \
<p><b><i>Data Source</i></b> =<a href = https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Housing-Development/Housing-Litigations/59kj-x8nc target='_blank'>NYC Open Data.</a></p>.\
<p style="font-size:9px;">Maps created 4/10/2022 by Nguyet Que T. Tran.</p>""", sizing_mode="stretch_both")
layout = column(heading, row(f1),sizing_mode='stretch_both',margin=(5,5,5,5))
show(layout)
The map showing the number of confirmed crime cases by Buffalo Council Districts. The center of each council districts polygon boundary is used to represent the total number of confirmed crime cases within each council districts. The higher the number, the larger the circle size.
In summary, Ellicott is the council district that have the highest number of crime cases - 45,318 cases. While Delaware council district have the lowest number of cases - 18,486 cases.